Book Review: The Sepher Yetzirah: The Book of Creation:
Understanding the Gra Tree and the Kabbalah
translated from the Hebrew by Wm. Wynn Wescott (first published 1887-
third ed)
Here it is noted that the Sepher Yetzirah was first put into
writing around 200 C.E. and that Westcott’s edition was a key source for the
rituals of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The Sepher Yetzirah, also
called the Book of Formation, is thought to possibly be “the oldest Rabbinical
treatise of Kabalistic philosophy which is still extant.” This small book
explores the “origins” of what I like to call the symbolatry (the magickal
attributions of symbols) of the Hebrew letters and numbers. According to
Wescott it is a very good companion to other key Kabalistic texts such as the
Zohar (The Book of Splendour). He says these two books are quite complementary.
Kabbalah can be a system of correspondences (the most famous such system) or an
exposition of the manifestation of the Divine into matter and re-absorption of
the Divine back into Spirit. The lightning bolt path down the Tree of Life is
the former while the serpent path up the Tree of Life is the latter.
The Hebrew language, the origin of all alphabetic languages,
involves a necessary association of letters and numbers. Every letter has a
number and groups of letters as well as words have associated numbers. Westcott
notes that the Zohar is an exposition of the emanations from the Godhead, the
Sephera, the ideals of the Macroprosopus and Microprosopus, as well as reincarnation.
The Sepher Yetzirah deals mainly with the microcosm, he says. As the Book of
Formation it can be seen as treatise on cosmology, an account of creation.
Westcott also gives a bit of commentary from rabbis of the
Middle Ages. One saw Abraham as the author of the Sepher Yetzirah as a rebuttal
of the incorrect dogmas of Babylonian sages. Others saw it as proof of
monotheism since it is from unity that multiplicity arises. The 19th
century French occultist Eliphas Levi wrote that, “ The Zohar represents
absolute truth, and the Sepher Jezirah provides the means by which we may
seize, appropriate, and make use of it.”
Both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds mention the Sepher
Yetzirah. It has been said that the Sepher Yetzirah refers to the third of the
four Kabalistic worlds of emanation, the Yetziratic world, with other texts
attributed to the other worlds. It has also been suggested that there is no
textual evidence referring to the Ain Soph and Ain Soph Aur until the 13th
century although others think such references simply may have been lost.
Westcott gives a survey and bibliography of the printed versions of Sephira
Yetzirah from Renaissance times to his own time, both in Hebrew and Latin. He
also mentions that there are many detailed commentaries and that he is not
familiar with them all. His interest is from the standpoint of an occultist
rather than as a rabbinical Jew.
The book begins by noting that it is about the thirty-two
mysterious paths of wisdom – being the ten sephira (spheres) and the twenty-two
letters and the association of numbers, letters, and sounds. The ten sephira
were said to give rise to the ten numbers. First there was Spirit, second Air,
third the waters and clay and the foundation of things, fourth the fire and a
throne with angels as well as the great name IHV. This is the Tetragrammaton
IHVH without the final heh. It is called the trigrammaton and is said to be
more suitable to the Yetziratic plane. The next six numbers refer to the six
possible permutations of these three letters associated with the six
directions. So from the “one Spirit of the Gods of the living” arise air,
water, fire, height, depth, east, west, south, and north.
Next come the twenty-two sounds and letters. They are said
to be the foundation of all things. They are called three mothers, seven
doubles, and twelve simples. The three mothers are Aleph, Mem, and Shin,
equated to air, water, and fire respectively. The twenty-two letters are said
to be arranged on a sphere with two hundred and thirty-one gates. All the
possible combinations of the twenty-two letters in pairs (without reversal) make
two hundred thirty-one, thus the two hundred thirty-one gates of knowledge.
From the three mothers come the three fathers and from them come all things of
the world. The heavens came from fire, the earth from water, and the air from
spirit. Air (Aleph) is seen as the mediator, or reconciler, between the
extremes of water (Mem) and fire (Shin). From fire came the head, from water
the belly, and from air the chest between them.
The seven double letters – Beth, Gimel, Daleth, Kaph, Peh,
Resh, and Tau, each have two sounds associated with them – one hard and one
soft. They are called double since each represents an opposition: life and
death, peace and war, wisdom and folly, riches and poverty, grace and
indignation, fertility and solitude, and power and servitude. They point out
the six directions and the “palace of holiness that sustains them. These seven
also correspond to the seven days of the week, the seven planets, the seven
days of creation, and the seven gates of the soul (the seven orifices of
perception in man). Further correspondences are given in a supplemental chapter
that was apparently added in more modern times.
The twelve simple letters: He’, Vau, Zain, Cheth, Teth, Yod,
Lamed, Nun, Samech, Oin, Tzaddi, and Qoph, are considered the foundations of
the properties: sight, hearing, smell, speech, taste, sexual love, work, movement,
anger, mirth, imagination, and sleep. They are also equated to directions in
space. They are further corresponded to the twelve signs of the zodiac, the
twelve months of the solar year, and the twelve organs of humans. Westcott
notes that medieval and modern correspondences for these vary considerably.
The three, the seven, and the twelve are corresponded with
the universe, the year, and man.
“2. The Celestial Dragon, TLI, is placed over the universe
like a king upon the throne; the revolution of the year is as a king over his
dominion; the heart of man is as a king in warfare.”
TLI (Tali or Theli) may referr to the constellation Draco,
the ecliptic, or the Milky Way. Theli may be an Arabic word.
The Sepher Yetzirah is quite a short text but there are many
commentaries as well as typical additions. One addition is called – The Fifty
Gates of Intelligence. This is a classification of knowledge emanating from the
Sephiroth, Binah – Understanding. This seems to me to be a later addition with
Neoplatonic characteristics but I am not sure of this. It is said that one must
pass through these gates to attain the thirty-two paths of wisdom. Six orders
are given: 1) elementary order – includes chaos, void, and elements; 2) decad of
evolution – includes minerals, vegetables, insects, reptiles, fishes,
vertebrates, birds, and quadrapeds; 3) decad of humanity – includes human body,
human soul, microcosmic man, and heavenly man (Adam Kadmon); 4) world of
spheres – includes the planets, the firmament, the Primum Mobile, and the
Empyrean Heaven; 5) the Angelic world – includes various angels, powers,
principalities, and arch-angels; 6) the Archetype – God, Ain Suph.
Next comes a section called – The Thirty-two Paths of Wisdom
– translated from the Hebrew text of Joannes Stephanus Rittangelius. It also
appears in the Oedipus Aegypticus of
famed Jesuit collector of alchemical lore Athanasius Kircher. Here given are
names of each of the thirty-two paths in a list as a sort of descending
hierarchy of creation.
Westcott gives a sort of occulstist’s commentary to Sepher
Yetzirah as notes to the text.
“ This book may be considered to be an Allegorical Parallel
between the idealism of Numbers and Letters and the various parts of the
Universe …”
He suggests that it sheds light on mystical knowledge and is
complementary to Masonic and Hermetic teachings with which it should be
studied.
Westcott sees the word “Sephiroth” as SPIRUT being allied to
the Latin spiritus.
To be honest – for me – I have always found Kabalah to be a
bit dry, abstract, and cryptic but have learned it somewhat as it is a big part
of the Western Esoteric tradition.
The Sepher Yetzirah is a foundational root text to the
understanding of Kabalah and probably should be studied with other texts and
commentaries. The thirty-two paths represent types or attributes of divine
power and have become a key part of classifying the world and the psyche and
their aspects into correspondences that can be compared. One scheme is the
correspondences of the twenty-two paths of the Hebrew letters with the
twenty-two Tarot trumps. These are given as paths connecting the ten Sephira of
the Tree of Life in a few different schemes. One might see these Sephira and
letters, the paths, as being the multiplicity of the One – the one becoming
many. Typically various qualities, particularly deities of other systems, are
compared on the basis of these thirty-two paths of the Kabalah as a classifying
scheme.
